In recent years, orange-tinted skies have become an unsettling symbol of a new climate reality. From California to Canada, Australia to the Amazon, wildfires have grown more intense, frequent, and far-reaching. But it’s not just the flames that threaten us—it’s the smoke.

Wildfire smoke pollution is now a global health hazard. Unlike localized air pollution, smoke from massive wildfires can travel thousands of kilometers across borders and continents, affecting cities and communities far from the burn zone. In June 2023, smoke from wildfires in Canada blanketed New York City, pushing its air quality to the worst in the world. Similar transboundary events have impacted Southeast Asia, parts of Europe, and regions of Africa.

This smoke is made up of fine particulate matter known as PM2.5—tiny particles that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream. Exposure has been linked to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and emerging studies suggest long-term effects on brain health and fetal development. The most vulnerable populations—children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing conditions—are at greatest risk.

Climate change is amplifying this crisis. Longer droughts, higher temperatures, and shifting wind patterns create the perfect conditions for mega-fires. In turn, the smoke they generate compounds the health risks already exacerbated by global warming.

Addressing wildfire smoke pollution requires a two-pronged approach: climate mitigation to reduce fire risks and public health policies to protect people when smoke inevitably fills the skies. Investment in air monitoring, early warning systems, and clean indoor air solutions is essential.

The orange skies are a warning. If we continue to warm the planet, breathe in the consequences may become the new normal.